วิธีอธิบาย GRAMMAR (ไวยากรณ์) ภาษาอังกฤษด้วย MIND MAP

Grammar หรือไวยากรณ์เป็นสิ่งที่จำเป็นในการสื่อสารภาษาอังกฤษ อย่างไรก็ดีการทำความเข้าใจในหลักการอาจเป็นเรื่องลำบากสำหรับผู้ที่ไม่ค่อยมีโอกาสได้อยู่ในสิ่งแวดล้อมที่มีการใช้ภาษาเยอะ อย่างไรก็ดีหากค่อยๆทำความเข้าใจองค์ประกอบของ Grammar ต่างๆก็สามารถเป็นจุดเริ่มต้นที่ดีในการเรียนภาษาอังกฤษได้ แม้ว่าในวันนี้เราอาจจะยังเข้าใจไม่หมดก็ตาม และนี่คือวิธีการอธิบายองค์ประกอบของ Grammar ต่างๆด้วย Mind Map โดย Daniel Tay ว่ามีส่วนไหนอย่างไรบ้าง

Mind Map สรุป Gramma (ไวยากรณ์) ภาษาอังกฤษ

ทั้งนี้ Mind Map มีประโยชน์อย่างมากในการเช็คดูว่าเรื่องไหนที่เรายังไม่เข้าใจเพื่อที่จะได้ศึกษาเพิ่มเติม และสามารถเห็นภาพได้อย่างง่ายๆว่าหากเราจะประยุกต์ใช้ในสถานการณ์หนึ่งๆจะต้องรู้เรื่องอะไรบ้าง

ตารางสรุป Grammar ที่สำคัญ

tense	positive/negative/question	usage	signal words
Simple PresentPresent	P: He speaks. N: He does not speak. Q: Does he speak?	a single or repeated action in the present general validity actions happening one after the other confirmed future actions (time table, schedule)	always, every …, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually if-clause type I (If I talk, …)
Present ProgressivePresent Continuous	P: He is speaking. N: He is not speaking. Q: Is he speaking?	action currently taking place action limited to a particular timeframe already planned or agreed-upon future action	at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now
Simple PastPreterite	P: He spoke. N: He did not speak. Q: Did he speak?	a single or repeated action in the past actions happening one after the other in the past a new action that interrupts an action that was already taking place	yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday if-clause type II (If I talked, …)
Past ProgressivePreterite Continuous Past Continuous	P: He was speaking. N: He was not speaking. Q: Was he speaking?	emphasis on the process of an action taking place in the past multiple actions taking place at the same time an action that was taking place when interrupted by a new action	when, while, as long as
Present Perfect SimplePerfect	P: He has spoken. N: He has not spoken. Q: Has he spoken?	the result is emphasised action that lasts to the present moment action that has just been completed completed action with influence on the present an action that has never/once/more than once taken place up to the time of speaking	already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now
Present Perfect ProgressivePerfect Continuous	P: He has been speaking. N: He has not been speaking. Q: Has he been speaking?	the action is emphasised (not the result) action that has lasted until the present time completed action with influence on the present	all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week
Past Perfect SimplePluperfect Past Anterior	P: He had spoken. N: He had not spoken. Q: Had he spoken?	action taking place before a certain time in the past sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive emphasises only the fact that something took place before a certain point in the past	already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day if-clause type III (If I had talked, …)
Past Perfect ProgressivePluperfect Continuous Past Anterior Continuous	P: He had been speaking. N: He had not been speaking. Q: Had he been speaking?	action before a certain point in the past sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple emphasises the action or length of the action	for, since, the whole day, all day
Future I Simple(will) Future I	P: He will speak. N: He will not speak. Q: Will he speak?	events in the future that cannot be influenced spontaneous decision suppositions about the future	in a year, next …, tomorrow if-clause type I (If you ask her, she will help you.) supposition: I think, probably, perhaps
Future I Simple(going to)	P: He is going to speak. N: He is not going to speak. Q: Is he going to speak?	pre-existing intention regarding the future logical conclusion regarding the future	in one year, next week, tomorrow
Future I ProgressiveFuture Continuous	P: He will be speaking. N: He will not be speaking. Q: Will he be speaking?	action that will be taking place at a certain point in the future certain or obvious events	in one year, next week, tomorrow
Future II SimpleFuture II Future Perfect	P: He will have spoken. N: He will not have spoken. Q: Will he have spoken?	action that will have been completed by a future time	by Monday, in a week
Future II ProgressiveFuture II Continuous Future Perfect Progressive	P: He will have been speaking. N: He will not have been speaking. Q: Will he have been speaking?	action that will have been completed by a future time emphasises the length of the action	for …, the last couple of hours, all day long
Conditional I SimpleSubjunctive II (Present) Form of Possibility	P: He would speak. N: He would not speak. Q: Would he speak?	action that could possibly take place	if-clause type II (If I were you, I would go home.)
Conditional I ProgressiveSubjunctive II Continuous (Present) Continuous Form of Possibility	P: He would be speaking. N: He would not be speaking. Q: Would he be speaking?	action that could possibly take place emphasises the action or the length of the action
Conditional II SimpleSubjunctive II (Past) Perfect Form of Possibility	P: He would have spoken. N: He would not have spoken. Q: Would he have spoken?	action that otherwise might have taken place in the past	if-clause type III (If I had seen that, I would have helped.)
Conditional II ProgressiveSubjunctive II Continuous (Past) Continuous Perfect Form of Possibility	P: He would have been speaking. N: He would not have been speaking. Q: Would he have been speaking?	action that otherwise might have taken place in the past emphasises the action or length of the action

ที่มา: https://english.lingolia.com/en/grammar/tenses/overview